Project for a Museum about daily life under communism = (MuViCC)
The museum about daily life under communism (MuViCC) is a project started and developed by the ‘CulturEst’ Association, in partnership with the Botoşani town council.
As the different phases of the building programme have unfolded, the involvement of many other partners in the project has been announced, such as: the Literary museum in Iași, the Botoșani regional council, the directorate of culture in Botoșani, the Botoșani regional inspectorate of teaching, the ‘Ion Mincu’ architectural university in Bucharest (Translator’s note – Ion Mincu promoted a Romanian style in architecture).
The arguments for the project. The value of the museum about daily life under communism
The MuViCC is the only museum in Romania upon the theme of communism. It is funded by a private initiative.
In Romania in recent years, a project has been discussed for a museum about communism, with government financing and supported by the ICCMER ( = Institute for the Investigation of Communist Crimes and for the Commemoration of those Romanians in Exile from communism ). However, when this idea was aired publicly, it provoked waves of negative reactions from different walks of life, from the media and political parties to academic bodies. Following this, the project was blocked.
Nevertheless, the idea of creating a museum upon the subject of communism enjoys popular support in Romania.
This is confirmed by an opinion poll, carried out by the centre for the study of opinions and markets ( http://www.evz.ro/bogdan-cristian-iacob-avem-nevoie-de-o-pedagogie-a-memoriei-colective-a-trecutului-comunist-90689.html ) .
The museum about daily life under communism (MuViCC) will be built on the basis of a new vision. Ideas will be used to recall the past which don’t have an ideological meaning, and which can represent as many aspects as possible of society under communism. First of all, the creation of this museum will have a spiritual and pedagogical dimension. This moral teaching element follows from the important part the museum will play in knowing communism deeply. At the same time, promoting social unity and tourism will be very important. The museum will take part in the social and urban regeneration of the Botoșani area, contributing to the development of cultural tourism in the north-eastern part of Romania (Northern Moldovia: Suceava – Botoșani – Iași).
The MuViCC will illustrate the widest aspects of ordinary life under communism. In doing so, it will try to address the broadest section of groups in Romania today. The rationale of these aims was confirmed by a survey by the centre for the study of opinions and markets, performed at the request of the ICCMER ( = Institute for Investigation of Communist Crimes and for the Commemoration of those Romanians in Exile from communism ). This survey was carried out with a view to finding out what people think of the idea of a museum about communism in Romania ( http://www.evz.ro/bogdan-cristian-iacob-avem-nevoie-de-o-pedagogie-a-memoriei-colective-a-trecutului-comunist-90689.html ). [Translator’s note – this reference is to a Romanian–language interview with Bogdan Cristian Iacob, secretary of the council concerning information for the ICCMER ( = Institute for Investigation of Communist Crimes and for the Commemoration of those Romanians in Exile from communism ). The interview title is taken from Mr Iacob’s words: ‘We need methods of learning about how to deal with the collective memory of the communist past’. ]
According to this opinion poll, half of those Romanians interviewed still consider communism to be a good idea. There are also very many people surveyed who hold that the communist regime was repressive, and the sufferings of the time led to the unhealthy nature of dwellings; to malnutrition; to forced industrialization. 13% say that members of their family suffered persecution under the communist regime.
The majority of those surveyed consider there is a need in Romania today for a museum about communism. Therefore there has to be a new guiding principle for the MuViCC museum. It must take into account the peculiar factors of society in 2014 (especially, ignorance of the daily realities of life under communism). Through that founding vision, the museum will try to underline and make visible today those intricate points of communist history which arouse live, current interest. Thus the impact of these details – especially, their emotional effect – will lead to the correction of many problems of perception concerning the political regime during the entire period from 1945 to 1989. This redressing of views will be at all levels of today’s society, particularly among the young and the elderly.
The MuViCC proposes to start a reconstruction through local community work, uniting different generations in co–operative understanding of the recent past.
The objects of the exercise
The project proposes ~
i) the unfolding, in stages, of the ideas for a museum focussed on everyday life during the communist period in Romania (1945 – 89);
ii) as many different parties as possible cooperate in its creation;
iii) the physical management of the museum;
iv) developing works to preserve, research and explain Romania’s cultural heritage;
v) educational and tourist activities, and entertainment in spare time.
MuViCC Aims
In short, the following aims have been decided.
1. Developing the ideas within the MuViCC project with the help of specialists; deciding the essential museum display and providing necessary documents, as well as the temporary / travelling displays and online / virtual exhibitions.
2. Creating a visual identity (logo, etc.) and a website for the MuViCC. The first elements of a visual identity have been created by the Agenția Non, a local company in Iași. The town council has made available the necessary capital for creating a website for the MuViCC by the end of 2014.
3. Identifying and obtaining a building to be used by the MuViCC (preferably, an industrial building from the communist era). The Botoșani local council has made a base available: an old industrial building belonging to the former thermal power plant (a gas-burning electrical generation centre). On 10th October 2013, CulturEst (a cultural group based in Botoșani) formally launched the MuViCC project at the Botoșani council.
4. Creating the general design for the museum (through organising an international contest for different architectural plans); carrying out a feasibility study, in accordance both with the thinking behind the museum, and with the architectural reconversion project. The Botoșani town council will offer a prize to the winner of the international contest, while the council for Botoșani region will finance the carrying out of a feasibility study into the museum project.
5. Collecting items representative of daily life under communism (e.g. working tools, Communist membership cards and youth ties for shirts, washing–machines which were only used in Communist times); gathering historical information and individual stories concerning these objects, particularly with the help of various public campaigns. On January 27th 2014, the opening of the campaign in schools was announced at the ‘Mihai Eminescu’ college in Botoșani (Translator’s note – Mihai Eminescu’s poetry represents the Romanian peak of world literature, in parallel with Proust or Cervantes]. On 1st June 2014, a street campaign opened in Botoșani city with 70 pupil – volunteers, while a more extensive campaign to collect objects at roadsides, etc, began on 1st August, financed by the Botoșani town council.
6. Setting up both the moveable displays and the online / virtual exhibitions, thus beginning the work of the MuViCC project before the central building space is available. On Oct 1st 2014, the first temporary exhibit will be ready, with the help of the Botoșani history museum and art galleries, made up of display artefacts collected by the volunteer pupils.
7. Creating and opening the basic museum display, once the main MuViCC building has been opened.
The project of the museum about daily life under communism (MuViCC) was conceived both because of the various museums and memorials in the former communist countries over the last 20 years; also, because of the series of museums whose vision for organisation is more topical and up–to–date.
Museums upon the theme of communism (with different ideas about museum organisation) have appeared in Hungary, the Czech Republic, Poland and Germany. The great majority of them are structured either as a memorial, or as a hybrid between a museum and memorial.
The memorials particularly hinge around the idea of condemning terror: in Romania’s case, the terror of totalitarianism. The museums give an unbiased physical representation of the past.
Interesting and expressive elements from everyday life will be exhibited in the museum. This display – for the sake of a balanced presentation of the controversial history of communism – may come to represent a deep reflection upon life in all its layers and aspects. As a new model or example, the MuViCC resembles both those cultural institutions which want to promote the idea of physical space used for cultural interest, and also the contemporary museums which want to represent ‘the story of life’ and ‘the myth about life’.
One example of a memorial is the ‘House of Terror’ in Budapest. It is known about in the former communist countries and it explicitly evokes terror. This museum to the victims of totalitarian terror, both communist and fascist, was put in a building which became a symbol in Hungary. It is the former headquarters of a fascist party in the 1940s, which was changed into a jail after the communist regime was installed.
The museum about communism in Prague is a hybrid between a museum and a memorial, and is as well known as the ‘House of Terror’ in the former communist block. It reflects a wealth of themes from the history of the last 50 years in the former Czechoslovakia: daily life, politics, history, sport, the economy, the arts, propaganda, political police, censorship, judicial institutions, the apparatus of coercion, and labour camps. Specialists have noted in the Prague museum a lack of open dialogue between all these elements: a characteristic omission in a contemporary museum.
The memorial to the victims of communism and to the resistance in Sighet Marmaței (in north-western Romania) is considered to be a memorial in classical form. Its themes are based on the abuse and repression by the communist power installed after the Second World War.
The vision of the museum about daily life under communism is quite close to the idea which lies behind the creation of a section of the Romanian peasant museum in Bucharest (the section deals in a very small way with the theme of daily life during communism). Specialists have noted a new message in the MuViCC, which contrasts very much with the Sighet Marmaței memorial. These memorials convey – in the first place – jails, torments, and torture of prisoners. The new message strongly conveys the idea of life between 1945 and 1989, and its many communal aspects. The MuViCC does not stop at the idea of physical public spaces for culture, or upon the abstract rhetoric – exclusive to communism – about ideas divorced from reality, or on communist repression and terror. The concept behind it pursues the recovery of collective and individual identity, by displaying various physical objects used then: in that regard, the MuViCC does resemble the Sighet memorial and other memorials like it. The concept of the MuViCC and the realities it represents – both spiritual teaching about communism, and knowledge of the realities of life under communism – ought to be available on the broadest possible levels of society.
In this way, it became decided that the museum would be set up in a building representative of the socialist era; of industrial type; with a history of past events; which preserves the scars of that controversial past for all to see.
It would be preferable for the museum to have an interior courtyard. This would make the symbolic, expressive exterior of the building as visible as possible. It would be a place where statues, busts, public monuments which occupied public spaces in the communist time could be displayed, with their cultural, logical and architecturally pleasing elements.
Another characteristic of the MuViCC museum is that it should end up being a collective building effort, by different elements of society. In particular, the display objects should be donated by private individuals following a public appeal. The things which are most representative should be accompanied by a personal story which will be recorded. These stories make sure there is ‘inside information’ about the museum items. This method allows simple re–enactment and knowledge of the past for the man in the street. Nevertheless such a procedure doesn’t rule out either professional organisation of the museum (with curates and professionals in museum management and historians), or scientific organisation of the material gathered over time.
The museum will aim to include objects from different departments of day–to–day life. When they have an interesting, individual history which their owner is ready to share, the item can be accompanied by a video (with a sign–in capacity) about its story. Thus artefacts, tales which put them in the context of society and of individual lifestory, and the thrills and feelings conveyed with the stories will all alike be included by the MuViCC. Besides, the museum could develop an archive with family photographs, isolated letters or correspondence by people in the street, journals, recollections or notes, and any other papers which could enrich our knowledge of private life under the dictatorship.
Besides the museum’s functions preserving cultural heritage and research material, its functions for tourism, education & pedagology, and entertainment in free time must be developed. Thus, the museum will have to become an open forum for co–operation and for public meetings; for artistic and scientific documentaries (with a system of financial grants, eventually); for history lessons with pupils from the region or for a series of online lessons; for the volunteer service; for organising internships (for students of history, sociology, anthropology, political sciences, journalism, etc).
Objects could be classified in 3 categories (provisionally, of course):
From the home, and home management (furniture, china ornaments and rugs, dishes, kitchen implements & electrical appliances, coats, trousers, handbags, hats, milk / oil bottles, pots, knives for sweets, wrappings, labels).
From school (textbooks, uniforms, pencil boxes, blackboards, desks, writing instruments).
From professional life (uniforms, offices, work protection posters, protective equipment).
Concerning communication & propaganda (radio sets, books about popular information & propaganda, placards, posters, the written press, postal letters, family photographs, films, slides).
Concerning different stages of life ~ childhood, adulthood, old age.
The objects will be placed in a series of temporary exhibits, organised during the building of the museum. Afterwards, they will be displayed in permanent showcases. These displays will seek to explore individual aspects of daily life under communism (for example, «uniforms», «fashion», «publicity & advertising», «culture», etc). Even in the starting period, mobile exhibitions will be organised in Romania with the help of different museum curates, while the collection of artefacts goes through its different stages.
Structuring and planning activities
Starting from the objectives identified so far, the representatives of the ‘Cultur Est’ association have tried to settle a general framework for dialogue about the concept for the museum, which is as broad as possible. When the project was first mooted, specialists from diverse fields were consulted: historians, architects, curators, writers, professors, etc. ‘Cultur Est’ has already created a partnership or co–operation of that sort with prestigious organisations in the fields of culture, teaching, local administration, and tourism: the Botoșani town council, the council for Botoșani region, the directorate of culture in Botoșani, the Literary museum in Iași, the ‘Ion Mincu’ architecture university in Bucharest, the inspectorate of teaching in Botoșani county, the museum about communism in Berlin, and the ‘Telem’ television network in Botoșani.
At the request of the ‘Cultur Est’ association, the board of the Botoșani town council decided (Order 291, 30th September 2013) that the council be involved in the building of the MuViCC alongside ‘Cultur Est’. The council put a building (the previous gas–burning electrical generation centre for Botoșani town) at Cultur Est’s disposal. This is to be used as the base for the MuViCC, on the basis of a contract of association valid for 20 years. Likewise, until the furnishing of this headquarters is completed, the town council has offered appropriate storage space for storing the objects collected (for the museum).
Architecturally speaking, the building which belonged to the former Botoșani gas–burning electrical generation centre offers a image representative of the exclusively Romanian idea of communism. It is a picture of industrial development planned on a gigantic scale, yet ending up as an inefficient and collapsed whole. This absurd, rusty, deteriorated building can offer a glimmer of truth about a social system, whose utopian vision of perfecting people’s lives was based on social technologies and upon forcibly imposed, out–dated, unrealistic industrialisation. Communal life as portrayed there – from its intimate and family aspects, to the national culture – may communicate to visitors a clear, simple and expressive message in the most explicit way, inside this enormous ruined building. The interior could become by architectural conversion a fitting space for arranging such exhibits. Whether the exhibits are permanent or temporary, the whole building itself would be the most expressive symbol of life under communism. Inside the building, there is the possibility of managing the display rooms in stages, according to the way in which the project finance develops, starting from a minimum level. The displays could be developed as annexes particular to a museum, or as offices for administration or storage, to a conference room or a library.
- Building exterior
According to the analysis carried out by several architects onsite, the whole of the building is made up of a striking combination of 2 different parts (architecturally speaking).
The building’s central core (built in the 1960s) stands out by the grandeur characteristic of a monument to totalitarian power. The whole is completed in the style of socialist realism. It observes the canons of the Soviet style: symmetry; architectonic logic; simplified pillars; mimicking of horizontal floors (although there is only one interior level); fine materials (natural wood & stone); unusual proportions, unlike classical dimensions.
There is also a part linked to the central building, constructed later (in the ’70s). The outer wall is of reinforced concrete, while the internal divisions are panels of fibre cement. Industrial equipment is visible on the exterior, starkly contrasting with the connecting main building. The view of the entire building suggests both enormous physical size in industry, and the austerity of daily life in its multiple, ordinary, aspects in the communist bloc.
The building has a little courtyard nearby, which allows the organising of walks around, to see the exterior.
b) The building interior
The inside (1,180 square metres, on a level ground floor and an intermediate floor near the entrance) is similar in height to a 4 storey block. This may evoke an Orwellian image of a forcibly industrialised world, collapsed and rusty. The areas for the exhibits are to be in the midst of these chaotic ruins (see pictures). They will be managed according to a budget starting with very small sums. This follows some of the most up–to–date ideas for museum management, that offer an open and intense discussion of the issues by means of the exhibits. The quality of the displays will stand out through a simple structure, accessible to the broadest possible range of people from society, and also through being highly variable, with ranges of displays constantly being changed
The building interior is well-provided with volume. It has space in which diverse activities can be organised, ranging from theatrical plays and musical concerts, to school and academic activities. The architectural way the edifice was converted could be applied to such works at minimum cost. It could remain a museum type of building, after its (very up–to–date and vibrant) architectural conversion.
The contest of ideas about the final form of the museum; the feasibility study
The Botoșani municipal council decided to finance a competition between different ideas about the final design and layout of the museum. These ideas would start from the existing building, the former Botoșani gas–burning electrical generation centre. centre.
The ideas contest will take place between 1st September – 1st December 2014, and a worth 8,500 lei will be offered ( = 1,450 – 1,550 UK pounds / 1,875 – 1,975 euros at 2014 exchange rates ). The papers, etc, submitted in the contest will be made public in the board room of the Botoșani town council. The winner will either write the feasibility study or be able to propose someone else as the author. The price of the study (10,000 lei ( = 1,725 – 1,825 UK pounds / 2,215 – 2,315 euros at 2014 exchange rates ) will be offered out of the Botoșani regional council budget.
The public efforts to collect items which are expressive of daily life under communism don’t just represent a way of obtaining raw material for creating the exhibits. Also, they correspond to the central concept of the MuViCC: of collective creation, among the community and among different generations, with a particular role for communication among society. This communal creativity concerns interactive knowledge of the recent past. Likewise the public campaigns make it easier to obtain details about the objects and people’s life stories. Making such tales known has a role in a museum like this, as do the feelings which accompany this kind of recollection.
Public campaigns like this may be carried out in many ways. 1. Campaigns in schools, with the help of staff, and history teachers. 2. Street campaigns (with tents) to spread information and gather objects. 3. Campaigns in villages and local communities with the support of local councils. 4. Campaigns undertaken with the help of local television networks, where programmes about the recent past can be suggested, eventually concluding with objects (relevant to communism) brought by television audiences. 5. Campaigns carried out at the MuViCC building, with the help of platforms for socializing.
Summary of the campaign
– 1. Collecting objects with the support of schools
In parallel with the fitting–out of the building, the ‘Cultur Est’ association will organise campaigns to collect objects for the museum.
On January 27 2014, ‘Cultur Est’ announced the start of these activities in schools, at the ‘Mihai Eminescu’ college in Botoșani.
The representatives of ‘Cultur Est’ are very glad the Botoșani schools’ representatives and the Botoșani schools inspectorate are favourable to this kind of work, and that they accept the participation of ‘Cultur Est’ in partnership with the museum about daily life under communism. This co–operation supports these works, which implicitly promote an unconventional type of knowledge of communism among pupils.
‘Cultur Est’ has signed a partnership with the Botoșani schools inspectorate for the 2014 – 2015 academic year. A series of extra-curricular activities has been outlined for the school year.
History sessions have also been scheduled upon specific subjects, such as illustrating important aspects of children’s life under communism: toys and games; uniforms and clothes for specific occasions; ways of organising festivals; school organisations; the ‘Patriotic Falcons’ (a communist group for 4–7 year–olds); the pioneers and communist youth; extra–curricular activities e.g. collecting recycleable materials; etc. These subjects will be extended in the course of unfolding the different phases of the project.
As well as helping people’s general knowledge, all these lessons and games will take place in an unconventional framework. This programme will open the way to good general, theoretical knowledge of the phenomenon of communism, and the communist social system. The games and lessons will also be very practical ways of collecting objects for the MuViCC.
On 1st Oct, a project to collect objects will start in schools in Botoșani region. The financing of this (5,000 lei = 835 – 935 UK pounds / 1,080 – 1,180 euros at 2014 exchange rates) will be borne by the Botoșani regional council.
CulturEst has arranged a space, provided with stands, in a classroom in the ‘Elie Radu’ building high school in Botoșani for storing the different objects collected by the different donors (Translator’s note – Elie Radu was a Romanian engineer and academician). Each object will have the story of its past usage recorded by the direct involvement of the donor (through audio recording or video), in an inventory register, while the list, with donors’ names, will be published in the MuViCC website.
These activities will be scheduled according to a definite timetable, and will take on an institutionalised nature. They will be organised through the partnership established between CulturEst and the Botoșani schools inspectorate. Through these programmes, pupils and teachers will be equally rewarded for the contribution they bring. CulturEst will propose various prizes, in the form of diplomas and excursions, first to the schools inspectorate, and then to the primary and secondary schools.
2. Campaigns in tents and caravans
Through these school programmes CulturEst is also trying to promote the idea of voluntary service among pupils.
So a street–collection campaign began in Botoșani on 1st June 2014, with the support of 70 volunteer pupils. Placards were stuck up in the town to make the concept of the MuViCC known. Banners were waved to advertise the names of items from daily life under communism which are needed for the museum.
In August, a project financed by the Botoșani town council began to proceed, with a budget of 3,500 lei (3,500 lei = 600 – 650 UK pounds / 760 – 820 euros at 2014 exchange rates). Tents will be put up and banners waved.
(Slogan in photo 1 = Join in writing the history of communism: donate an item !
Slogan in photo 2 = Don’t trash history: bring it to the museum ! )
Volunteers wearing T–shirts with slogans are taking part in the various courses on the introductory theme (the knowledge of museums). These courses are supported by museum curators from the Botoșani history museum. They will collect items which are appropriate for the MuViCC, and interview briefly those who donate them.
(Slogans in photo 3 = People of Botoșani, let us create Romania’s first ‘museum about daily life under communism’.’ ; = Donate useless objects dating before 1989; don’t throw them away ! )
At the end of the campaign, the volunteers will receive certificates of participation, while those who did well in collection will be offered books from Polirom publishing house.
3. Collection campaigns with the help of the website
The Botoșani town council has offered the sum of 6,500 lei ( = 1,100 – 1,200 UK pounds / 1,425 – 1,525 euros at 2014 exchange rates ) for the creation of a website for the MuViCC. This project is at the development stage until 1st December 2014.
Once the website is built, CulturEst will launch a nationwide campaign, with the aid of the domain, to gather objects. The application for the campaign project finance of 10,000 lei ( = 1,725 – 1,825 UK pounds / 2,215 – 2,315 euros at 2014 exchange rates ) will be made in 2015, with the support of the Botoșani town council.
4. Collection campaigns in villages and local communities
The collection project is going to be developed in 2015, with a budget of about 7,000 lei (= 1,200 – 1,300 UK pounds / 1,525 – 1,625 euros at 2014 exchange rates ) with the support of the Botoșani regional council.
The members of the local councils in Botoșani region will be especially closely involved in collecting items. Periodically, caravans will be organised to provide information about the concept of the MuViCC and the collection of objects. There will collection points, at the town halls, for the items from daily life under communism.
5. Travelling displays
Travelling displays of the items gathered for the museum will be organised periodically in Botoșani region and in the whole country. Pupils and teachers from the high schools and junior schools in Botoșani, and volunteers, will have an important part in organizing the mobile displays. The powerful impact on and through the media will cause this kind of work to grow, with many benefits, as much for the organisers as for those invited to take part in collecting. Knowledge of communism in general, through knowing about daily life under the communist regime, will become a new experience at all levels of society. It will be much more accessible than other forms of knowledge (theoretical, abstract and restrictive).
During the month of June 2014, the first travelling display was organised at the Literary museum in Iași, in partnership with CulturEst: ‘The childhood our parents had’.
During 1st Oct – 1st Nov 2014, CulturEst, in partnership with the history museum in Botoșani, will open a series of exhibitions of day to day items from life under communism, at the Botoșani art gallery: «communist art», «communist school», «Our parents’ childhood», etc.
CulturEst,în parteneriat cu Muzeul de istorie din Botoșani , va deschide în perioada 1 oct.-1 nov., la Galeriile de artă din Botoșani, o serie de expoziții cu obiecte din viața cotidiană în comunism: „Arta în comunism”,„Școala în comunism”,„Copilăria părinților noștri”, ș.a..
( picture = Literary museum in Iași, June 2014 )
6. TV programmes upon ordinary people, stories and things from daily life
This series of activities includes (in parallel with the lessons, etc, being organised in schools) all the events which will be carried out in partnership with other bodies [e.g. different local TV networks, non–governmental organisations for pupils and young people, etc]. CulturEst has suggested to TeleM, a local Botoșani TV station, a new series of programmes about communist life for people in Botoșani (‘Life under Communism’). It is already programmed for filming and broadcasting two times per month.
In these programmes, different concrete aspects of life under communism will be recalled. This starts with people’s lives in great factories, and goes on to individual life behind closed doors; and again, from festive events which affected the whole comunity, to images of communal life (objects and actions which arouse interest among the most diverse people).